Understanding the Differences Between IBS and IBD
Written by Churnika Gudla
As a part of the Harvard OpenBio Laboratory’s Student Research Institute, I’m working on a literature review about how we can better distinguish between Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). IBS and IBD are often confused due to their similar symptoms, however they are distinct conditions with different underlying mechanisms and treatments. Thus, understanding that is key for proper diagnosis and management.
IBS is a functional gastrointestinal disorder, meaning it results from psychological causes rather than structural issue. The exact cause of IBS is not understood, but it involves a combination of factors including altered gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, and psychological stress. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits like diarrhea, constipation, or both. Unlike IBD, IBS does not cause inflammation or damage. Management of IBS often focuses on dietary changes, such as a low FODMAP diet, stress management, and medications to improve symptoms.
In contrast, IBD involves two main conditions: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both involve chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, but they affect different areas and layers. Crohn’s disease can impact any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus, often affecting multiple layers of the bowel wall. Ulcerative colitis, on the other hand, is limited to the colon and rectum and primarily affects the innermost lining of the bowel.
The inflammation in happens when the gut mistakenly targets its own tissues, leading to symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, diarrhea (often with blood), weight loss, and fatigue. IBD can cause significant complications, including strictures, fistulas, and an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Treatment for IBD typically involves anti-inflammatory medications, immunosuppressants, and biologic therapies targeting specific components of the immune response. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove damaged sections of the bowel.
While IBS and IBD share some overlapping symptoms, they are fundamentally different in terms of pathology and treatment. Understanding these differences can help patients seek the right treatment and improve their quality of life.
Written by Churnika Gudla from MEDILOQUY